On May 15, 1891, Pope Leo XIII published a letter addressed to the Catholic bishops of the world, but its subject was the condition of the working class in an industrializing Europe where factory workers labored in brutal conditions, owned nothing, and had no legal recourse. Rerum Novarum — “Of New Things” — defended the right to private property, called for just wages and humane working conditions, affirmed the right of workers to form unions, and insisted that neither unbridled capitalism nor revolutionary socialism offered an adequate account of the human person.
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