Across the world, several coastal cities face projections that large parts of their urban areas could be permanently submerged by water by 2050. Many have spent decades investing in flood-control systems, coastal protection and climate adaptation, but still regard rising sea levels as one of their greatest long-term threats.
Climate modelling and elevation data from organisations such as Climate Central show that major cities including Jakarta in Indonesia, Mumbai in India, Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam, Bangkok in Thailand, Shanghai in China, Alexandria in Egypt, New Orleans and Miami in America face increasing risks from rising sea levels and are projected to either have large areas submerged or chronically flooded by 2050.
Despite their different geographies, they all recognise flooding as a strategic threat requiring continuous investment rather than seasonal intervention.
However, Lagos, Africa’s largest coastal city and Nigeria’s commercial capital, faces similar risks but continues to respond to
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